Understanding HPV: The Human Papillomavirus

What is HPV?

Human Papillomavirus, commonly known as HPV, is recognized as the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection (STI) globally. Even though it is widespread, many people remain unaware of their HPV status since the infection often does not show any visible symptoms. Both men and women can be infected by HPV, and research indicates that a significant portion of sexually active individuals—approximately 75% of Canadians—will experience at least one HPV infection during their lives, particularly from the ages of 15 to 24, which is when infection rates are highest.

There are more than 200 varieties of HPV, and about 40 of them target the genital area particularly. While most types of HPV are classified as low-risk and may clear from the body without any intervention, some strains, particularly low-risk types 6 and 11, can lead to the formation of genital warts. High-risk types of HPV, on the other hand, have been linked to various forms of cancer, making understanding and addressing HPV critical.

The Connection between HPV and Cancer

Genital Warts

Among the non-cancerous manifestations of HPV, genital warts are the most common. These warts can develop on or around the genitals, anus, and, in some cases, in the throat. Genital warts might not appear until weeks, months, or even years after exposure, and while they can be a source of discomfort or embarrassment, they are usually not painful. The HPV types responsible for the majority of genital wart cases are 6 and 11.

Cancer Risks Associated with HPV

HPV is a significant risk factor for several types of cancer:

Cervical Cancer: This is the most prevalent cancer linked to HPV, with about 1,350 women diagnosed annually in Canada. HPV types 16 and 18 are primarily responsible for most cervical cancer cases. Regular screenings, such as Pap tests, significantly enhance early detection and treatment prospects.

Anal Cancer: While rare, anal cancer rates are on the rise. HPV type 16 is often implicated in these cancers.

Penile Cancer: Although it represents less than 1% of all cancers in men, penile cancer commonly affects the head or foreskin of the penis, with HPV types 16 and 18 being the main contributors.

Head and Neck Cancer: The incidence of mouth and throat cancers associated with HPV is increasing. HPV type 16 is the most frequently linked to these cancers, typically transmitted through oral sex.

Vulvar and Vaginal Cancers: These cancers, although less common, are rising in frequency among women. HPV types 16 and 18 are again prevalent in these cases.

How is HPV Transmitted?

HPV is highly contagious and primarily spreads through direct skin-to-skin contact in the genital region. It's important to note that penetration is not a prerequisite for transmission; skin-to-skin contact during any type of sexual activity can lead to infection. Kissing or oral contact can also spread the virus. This fact makes it crucial for sexually active individuals to take preventive measures, as many may carry the virus without ever knowing it.

Prevention Strategies for HPV

While total prevention of HPV is challenging, various strategies can significantly reduce the risk of transmission:

Limit Sexual Partners: Reducing the number of sexual partners can lower the risk of contracting HPV and other STIs. Mutual long-term monogamy is an effective risk-reduction strategy.

Use Condoms: Although condoms do not offer complete protection against HPV due to the potential exposure of skin not covered by the condom, they still reduce the risk significantly and provide protection against other STIs.

Smoking Cessation: Smoking can inhibit the body's ability to fight infections, including HPV, and can also contribute to the development of HPV-related cancers.

HPV Vaccination: Vaccination is one of the most effective methods for preventing HPV. Current vaccines, including the 9-valent vaccine, protect against multiple HPV types linked to a majority of HPV-related cancers and genital warts. Vaccination is recommended for preteens, but can be beneficial for anyone up to age 45.

Regular Screenings: For women, routine Pap tests and HPV testing are critical for early detection of cervical abnormalities that could lead to cancer. Men should consult healthcare providers for screenings related to HPV-related health issues.

Recognizing HPV Symptoms

The challenge with HPV is that many infected individuals will not exhibit symptoms. However, awareness of potential signs and symptoms of HPV-related conditions can help with early detection:

Genital Warts

Visible genital warts can appear as small lumps or bumps around the genital area and are often painless. They can appear weeks or months after exposure, and if you notice any changes, consult a healthcare professional.

Cervical Cancer

Symptoms of cervical cancer can overlap with other conditions and may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, discomfort during intercourse, and unusual vaginal discharge. Regular Pap tests remain the most effective method to identify precancerous conditions early.

Other HPV-Related Cancers

Anal Cancer: Symptoms might include anal bleeding or pain, difficulty with bowel movements, or noticeable lumps.

Penile Cancer: Look for unusual lumps or sores, especially on the head or foreskin of the penis.

Head and Neck (Mouth and Throat) Cancer: Persistent sore throats, lumps in the neck, and difficulty swallowing may indicate concerns related to HPV infection.

Vulvar and Vaginal Cancers: These cancers can be subtle, often presenting as persistent itching, unusual bleeding, or pain during sex that does not subside.

Treatment

HPV remains an infection that cannot be cured. While healthcare professionals can remove visible genital lesions and warts associated with HPV, the virus itself does not have a treatment to eradicate it completely.

Unlike other sexually transmitted infections, which can often be treated with antibiotics, HPV is viral, and viruses do not respond to such medications. In many instances, the body’s immune system is capable of clearing the virus naturally within two years of infection. However, this does not confer immunity; individuals can still contract different strains of HPV in the future.

Moreover, even after successful treatment, there is a possibility that genital warts, precancerous lesions, or cancers can re-emerge. This can occur due to a compromised immune response, which might happen during periods such as pregnancy, cancer treatment, or in individuals with immune deficiency conditions such as AIDS or HIV.

You can see a Maud Medical Calgary HPV pharmacist to discuss HPV vaccine.

HPV Counseling service is covered by your valid provincial health care card. 

Learn more about how you can get your HPV vaccine from a Maud Medical Doctor on the Maud Medical Website. 

https://www.maudmedical.com/hpv